Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood, 1912)

Panchaetothripinae, Thripidae, Terebrantia, Thysanoptera

Figures

Fig. 1: 8-segmented antenna, segments III and IV with forked sense cone, terminal segments V-VIII
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Meso- and metasternum with lyre-shaped furca
Fig. 6: Fore- and hind wing, distal area of fore wing
Fig. 7: Tergites III-V
Fig. 8: Lateral region of tergite III
Fig. 9: Tergites VIII and IX
Fig. 10: Tergites IX and X
Fig. 11: Sternite VII and base of ovipositor valves

Caliothrips phaseoli particularly damage legumes, both as crops and as weeds, adults disperse over many other crops. Body dark brown; anterior margin of head yellowish; all tarsi and apices of tibiae yellow; antennae brown, segments III-V yellow but shaded brown in apical half; fore wings brown, with 3 transverse white bands sub-apically, medially and sub-basally, but median band sometimes not evident, extreme base and apex dark brown. Antennae 8-segmented; segments III & IV with forked sensorium (Fig. 1). Head not constricted at base (Fig. 2). Pronotum without long setae, mainly with transverse or irregular equiangular reticles and many markings within each reticle (Fig. 3). Metanotum irregularly reticulate; one pair of major setae near anterior margin (Fig. 4); metafurca elongate and lyre-shaped (Fig. 5). Mid and hind tarsi 1-segmented. Fore wing first vein close to or fused to costal vein; second vein with about 6 setae; costal cilia shorter than costal setae (Fig. 6). Tergites with distinctive sculpture on lateral thirds comprising transverse parallel lines of which the anterior lines bear few markings (Fig. 7 and 8); tergite VIII with craspedum medially, but tooth-like microtrichia laterally (Fig. 9); X with incomplete median split (Fig. 10). Sternites with transverse reticulation (Fig. 11).
Male with slender transverse glandular area on each of sternites III-VII; tergite IX with median pair of setae thorn-like.

The genus Caliothrips Daniel, 1904
The genus Caliothrips currently includes more than 20 species. Members of this genus are dark brown, head and pronotum with a heavy net-like sculpture and with internal markings inside each reticle. Head without neck and dorsal ridge. Fore wings banded (usually dark with pale areas) and antennae with 8 segments, and forked sense cone on antennal segments III & IV. Most of the species in this group are found living in grasses and legumes (Mound & Kibby 1998).

Caliothrips phaseoli, Caliothrips sudanensis and Caliothrips graminicola - all of them have tergites with close striations on lateral thirds, but in Caliothrips phaseoli between the lines few markings are present in anterior half of each tergite, Caliothrips sudanensis without markings in between and Caliothrips graminicola with many markings between the lines. Furthermore, the pronotum of Caliothrips graminicola has always irregular longitudinal reticulations, in Caliothrips phaseoli and Caliothrips sudanensis the reticulations are in parts transverse. Tergites of other species (Caliothrips fasciatus and Caliothrips impurus) usually have polygonal reticulations and numerous internal wrinkles on lateral thirds. Caliothrips fasciatus is the only species of the genus sculptured on pronotum with mainly equiangular reticulations (other species with irregular longitudinal reticulations). Compared to Caliothrips sudanensis with pale extreme apex on fore wings, other species have a dark extreme apex on fore wings. In Caliothrips fasciatus and Caliothrips graminicola the forked sense cone on antennal segment IV scarcely extends beyond base of segment V, whereas in Caliothrips impurus, Caliothrips phaseoli and Caliothrips sudanensis the forked sense cone on antennal segment IV extending to a point at least a third to base of segment V.
Members of Caliothrips can be recognised by their reticulate sculpture that bears internal markings. Only Retithrips syriacus has also complex markings within each of the reticles, and fore wings bearing anteromarginally 3 curious blister-like callosities and minute setae. Compared to the closely related genera Hercinothrips and Selenothrips, the head of Caliothrips species is not constricted into a neck. Hercinothrips has 2-segmented tarsi (Caliothrips and Selenothrips have 1-segmented tarsi) and in Selenothrips the hind margin of tergite VIII has a complete comb of long teeth, the pronotum a transverse striate sculpture and the metanotum a dominant sculptured triangle medially (in Caliothrips and Hercinothrips tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia only laterally, pronotum with reticulate sculpture, and metanotum without dominant sculptured triangle medially).

Life history
Probably similar to the longevity of Caliothrips fasciatus larvae ranging from 0-14 days and adults ranging from 7-15 days, both dependent on temperature (Lewis 1973).

Host plants
Crops: alfalfa, beans (soybean, snow pea), cotton, groundnut, sunflower, tomato.
Weeds: Asystesia mysoorensis, Clitoria sp., Senna bicapsularis.

Vector capacity
None identified, but possible mechanical distribution of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.

Damage and symptoms
-

Detection and control strategies
-

Additional notes
Apparently breeding only on the leaves of various legumes, and sometimes recorded as a pest of beans, but when populations are high the adults may be found on many other plants.

Biogeography

Central and South America, North America, East Africa. Kenya, Tanzania.

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